54 research outputs found
Word Equations Where a Power Equals a Product of Powers
We solve a long-standing open problem on word equations by proving that if the words x_0, ..., x_n satisfy the equation x_0^k = x_1^k ... x_n^k for three positive values of k, then the words commute. One of our methods is to assign numerical values for the letters, and then study the sums of the letters of words and their prefixes. We also give a geometric interpretation of our methods
Word Equations and Related Topics. Independence, Decidability and Characterizations
The three main topics of this work are independent systems and chains of
word equations, parametric solutions of word equations on three unknowns,
and unique decipherability in the monoid of regular languages.
The most important result about independent systems is a new method
giving an upper bound for their sizes in the case of three unknowns. The
bound depends on the length of the shortest equation. This result has
generalizations for decreasing chains and for more than three unknowns.
The method also leads to shorter proofs and generalizations of some old
results.
Hmelevksii’s theorem states that every word equation on three unknowns
has a parametric solution. We give a significantly simplified proof for this
theorem. As a new result we estimate the lengths of parametric solutions
and get a bound for the length of the minimal nontrivial solution and for
the complexity of deciding whether such a solution exists.
The unique decipherability problem asks whether given elements of some
monoid form a code, that is, whether they satisfy a nontrivial equation. We
give characterizations for when a collection of unary regular languages is a
code. We also prove that it is undecidable whether a collection of binary
regular languages is a code.Siirretty Doriast
Hardness Results for Constant-Free Pattern Languages and Word Equations
We study constant-free versions of the inclusion problem of pattern languages and the satisfiability problem of word equations. The inclusion problem of pattern languages is known to be undecidable for both erasing and nonerasing pattern languages, but decidable for constant-free erasing pattern languages. We prove that it is undecidable for constant-free nonerasing pattern languages. The satisfiability problem of word equations is known to be in PSPACE and NP-hard. We prove that the nonperiodic satisfiability problem of constant-free word equations is NP-hard. Additionally, we prove a polynomial-time reduction from the satisfiability problem of word equations to the problem of deciding whether a given constant-free equation has a solution morphism ? such that ?(xy) ? ?(yx) for given variables x and y
On a generalization of Abelian equivalence and complexity of infinite words
In this paper we introduce and study a family of complexity functions of
infinite words indexed by k \in \ints ^+ \cup {+\infty}. Let k \in \ints ^+
\cup {+\infty} and be a finite non-empty set. Two finite words and
in are said to be -Abelian equivalent if for all of length
less than or equal to the number of occurrences of in is equal to
the number of occurrences of in This defines a family of equivalence
relations on bridging the gap between the usual notion of
Abelian equivalence (when ) and equality (when We show that
the number of -Abelian equivalence classes of words of length grows
polynomially, although the degree is exponential in Given an infinite word
\omega \in A^\nats, we consider the associated complexity function \mathcal
{P}^{(k)}_\omega :\nats \rightarrow \nats which counts the number of
-Abelian equivalence classes of factors of of length We show
that the complexity function is intimately linked with
periodicity. More precisely we define an auxiliary function q^k: \nats
\rightarrow \nats and show that if for
some k \in \ints ^+ \cup {+\infty} and the is ultimately
periodic. Moreover if is aperiodic, then if and only if is Sturmian. We also
study -Abelian complexity in connection with repetitions in words. Using
Szemer\'edi's theorem, we show that if has bounded -Abelian
complexity, then for every D\subset \nats with positive upper density and for
every positive integer there exists a -Abelian power occurring in
at some position $j\in D.
An Optimal Bound on the Solution Sets of One-Variable Word Equations and its Consequences
We solve two long-standing open problems on word equations. Firstly, we prove that a one-variable word equation with constants has either at most three or an infinite number of solutions. The existence of such a bound had been conjectured, and the bound three is optimal. Secondly, we consider independent systems of three-variable word equations without constants. If such a system has a nonperiodic solution, then this system of equations is at most of size 17. Although probably not optimal, this is the first finite bound found. However, the conjecture of that bound being actually two still remains open
47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2020)
We
study constant-free versions of the inclusion problem of pattern
languages and the satisfiability problem of word equations. The
inclusion problem of pattern languages is known to be undecidable for
both erasing and nonerasing pattern languages, but decidable for
constant-free erasing pattern languages. We prove that it is undecidable
for constant-free nonerasing pattern languages. The satisfiability
problem of word equations is known to be in PSPACE and NP-hard. We prove
that the nonperiodic satisfiability problem of constant-free word
equations is NP-hard. Additionally, we prove a polynomial-time reduction
from the satisfiability problem of word equations to the problem of
deciding whether a given constant-free equation has a solution morphism α
such that α(xy) ≠α(yx) for given variables x and y.
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